dawnkklight的部落格

Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.

(A) the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle

(B) the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts in part of their life cycle                               
指代錯造成句意邏輯重心錯

(C) freshwater snails which become the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycles                    
單複數判斷

(D) freshwater snails which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycle
限定與非限定 (難)

(E) parasite's hosts, freshwater snails which become their hosts during their life cycles           
同位語偏好性; 單複數判斷

1. 答項只差一個字的比較 -- 解釋 A) 及 B)

A/B 相比只差 in/for 還有 its/their

(快速技巧) 通常這種選項中只差一個字的，很大的比例可以在這二個答項中選答案(非100%)

B) their會往前指代到snails，life cycle重心跑到snails上  清晰度不及 A) (比大小概念)

A) its 優先指代到 the parasite’s 所有格，句意較清晰

前方先提 a parasite... 後面再用 the parasite’s 限定

建議先不要用慣用解，慣用不可能背得完。Ron 神: 沒看過的慣用不代表就不存在...(雖然非常明確的慣用可以加快速度)

for the rest of my life.         vs.   in the first part of my life

during                                       during

自己想個比較順的用法，替換起來都可以，就不要執著在這裡了。

快速技巧: 若遇到時間不夠的狀態，那就優先從 A/B 二項中選 A) 了。時間允許下，再針對另外三個答案是否有不偏好點，比完就衝 A) 了。

下面補二個此類快速解法的範例，範例一: 

The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.

(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and

優先找 C/D 二項，主要只差在單複數動詞，這題主要考點在考走倒裝句後，要從後面的主詞來判斷動詞要用單數或複數，為了加強判斷，還多給了一個提示用 both 表達是複數。答案選 C)

時間允許時，檢查另三項:

A) from which 關代指代錯誤，正確句意是要講 Aramic script

B) and from which... 前方無平行對象 (前方也必須要是某種 from/to/with which 的結構才行)

E) and deriving...變成跟 bringing 平行，走二個 comma+VERB-ing 結構，但 deriving 動作檢查邏輯主詞 "The Achaemenid empire" derived... 邏輯錯誤。       

範例二: 

The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding woodlands.
(A) years as a result of the removal of
(B) years as a result of removing
(C) years, resulting from the removing of              
(D) years, which is a result of removing                 
(E) years, which is a result of the removal of         

優先找 A/B，差異在到底是「動作表達」(removing)、還是「動作性名詞」(the removal)，本題答案是「動作性名詞」，後方有「平行」的提示 the clearing 可以選。

時間允許時，再檢查另外三項:

C) comma+VERB-ing 必定是表達結果，寫 resluting form 講原因，必錯 (100%)

D) which 指代整件事，必錯 (100%)

E) 同 D)

2. 單複數判斷 -- 解釋 C) 及 E)

重視單複數表達的清晰度，只能靠句意判斷，而且要帶常理去想

一隻蟲不能有二條命所以 C) 錯

E) ... their life cycles 這種寫法不偏好，因為有二種可能解釋，要避免 (清晰度原則)

--> 1) they 每個人都有二條命以上 ; 2) they 每個人一條命 但是講整體很多條命

OG / PP都有類似考點，例如:

尼安德塔人的演化路徑 (N... path)

尼安德塔人有一條聲帶 (a vocal cord)

動物有幾個脖子

鳥有幾顆心臟、心室

3. 同位語的寫法偏好 -- E)

E) 還有一個不偏好，同位語解釋時，通常是難的專有名詞先講，再用簡單的名詞解釋 (非100%)

或者是比較明確的名詞先講，再講該名詞順便也是...。一樣是「非必要」修飾語的觀念，補充解釋的部份都可以省略。

E) the habitats of (any) parasite’s hosts, snails which... 清晰度低於 A) 

A) the habitats of the snails that are the parasite’s hosts...

E) 少了冠詞指定先前出現過的 parasite

E) 先講宿主再講蝸牛 宿主的棲息地      表達劣於  A) 直接講蝸牛的棲息地

E) 即便要用同位語也應該先講蝸牛的棲息地，再講它們也是寄生蟲的宿主

4. 限定與非限定 -- 解釋 D)

(X) Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of freshwater snails(,) which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycle.

(補上一個其實不存在的逗點，比較好解釋)

which作非限定修飾，一定要用逗號隔開 (GMAT雖不考標點符號，有時仍可幫助判斷)

that 或介係詞+關代才是限定修飾，就不需要用逗號分開(因為是整體) Ex: the rate at which... ; the date in which... ;

即便這裡沒有逗號，但這裡的which還是要判斷成非限定修飾，既然是非限定修飾就可以省略不看。在往下解釋前，先看三個很爛的例句: 句意表達是有落差的

1\ There stands the woman that I love.                                  

2\ There stands a woman, who is (also) John’s wife (by the way).               

3\ There stands a woman, who happens to be loved by me. (, which... by the way...)

1\ 限定、整體的概念(我愛的女人就站在那裡)

2\ 非限定修飾，僅表達補充資訊(那裡有個女人...剛好是...)

3\ 硬湊來講解的超爛句

回來看本例，這時候就要把 A) 一起放進來看

D) ...as projects have enlarged the habitat of (any) snails, which (happen to) become the hosts of the parasite (by the way)...

A) ...as projects have enlarged the habitat of the snails that are the parasite’s hosts...

有沒有 the ; 用 which 或 that ; are vs. become 都在做限定與非限定的設計，造成句意改變。相對性來說句意清晰 A) 優於 D)。

5. 正確句總結

(考點分類) 同位語 ; it/its不同指代 ; 複合時態 現在完成式正確 ; 限定修飾 ; 冠詞指定 ; as表伴隨

Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climates, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.

這裡最重要的觀念，其實是 it /its 是允許在整句中指代不同對象。指代不清絕對不是優先決選的考點。

搭錯: 限定修飾 vs. 非限定修飾

搭錯: 同位語順序顛倒