dawnkklight的部落格

RC-GWD-TN03-第一篇

Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographic - the oldest known bird - appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods - the closest known relatives of birds - date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of the ropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) compare the development of two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birds

B) suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birds

C) evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birds

D) challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs

E) respond to criticisms of the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs

一戰失利後，檢討知道弱點在 RC 上，拜了 MHT 上的大神 Ron 神後，認真看了 Ron 神分享的免費線上課程，重新學了怎麼抓主旨題、infer 題、推論題...等。二戰 V 得到不錯的分數，Ron 神的線上教學的確是一大關鍵。其中最神奇的是 Ron 神表演的主旨題作答法，當我苦練學完後，後面總結作題的 RC 約 40~50 篇，主旨題只有錯過 1~2 題。沒有 100% 的答對率，純粹是小弟才疏學淺。理論上，真的出師的話，用這套應該要 100% 答對才對。哈。

MHT - Thursdays with Ron 線上課程目錄

http://www.manhattangmat.com/thursdays-with-ron.cfm

RC - 主旨題技巧 1 (如果只想看 Ron 神怎麼表演，可以快轉到 35:00)

http://vimeo.com/18632588

Ron 神的主旨題方法是: 

在腦海中把細節資訊全部過濾掉，排除各種明確化文字(舉例、解釋、文章細節)，只留下表達立場、轉折的關鍵資訊。

練習時，可以利用 [塗黑] 細節資訊來模擬。以本篇 GWD RC 文章為例: 

Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographic - the oldest known bird - appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods - the closest known relatives of birds - date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of the ropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.

塗黑後，再把留下的立場句重讀一次。

Although很多證據指出(某件事)...，some科學家仍然不信
--> 開門見山(有 Although 要注意二者對比關係)

他們主張... 認為... , (某對比)
--> some不信的論點

但是，調查者發現了...(something) 
--> 作者出現 反對前面some

不管怎樣，缺...不能排除... 
--> 作者反對some的依據

(轉出) 懷疑者也另外主張...
--> 又回去some的論點

(作者反駁) 這個反對只有在某條件下才合理..., but (應該在講現在不是那個條件 –因為還在作者本身立場) 
--> 作者反對懷疑者 = some

Finally, some 主張....  
--> 再回去some的論點

這個論點現在無法判斷是對或錯，因為...
--> 作者反對some

到這邊其實應該對文章主題有一些想法了，就是一直對某件事作攻、防。下面把作者立場用 (+) 標記，被反對的 some 方立場用 (-) 標記。再看一次: 

Although很多證據指出(某件事)...，some科學家仍然不信
--> 開門見山(有 Although 要注意二者對比關係)

(-) 他們主張... 認為... , (某對比)
--> some不信的論點

(+) 但是，調查者發現了...(something) 
--> 作者出現 反對前面some 

(+) 不管怎樣，缺...不能排除... 
--> 作者反對some的依據

(-) (轉出) 懷疑者也另外主張...
--> 又回去some的論點

(+) (作者反駁) 這個反對只有在某條件下才合理..., but (應該在講現在不是那個條件 –因為還在作者本身立場) 
--> 作者反對懷疑者 = some

(-) Finally, some 主張....  
--> 再回去some的論點

(+) 這個論點現在無法判斷是對或錯，因為...
--> 作者反對some

很明確的架構 – 屬於「現象解釋」類型文章，作者提出反方的主張，馬上打反方的臉+證據。再提反方的論點，再打槍+證據(第二動還帶一下假意的讓步)。最後，再提反方主張，一樣打槍到底。全篇其實是作者在唱獨角戲，反方的論點主張都是被拖出來打臉用的。 

放棄所有細節，抓到文章架構後，看答案前，先猜想可能的答案是什麼。

Main Idea: 作者提出證據反駁各種部分科學家不相信某件事的原因

如果沒有先自己抓過架構預想答案，很容易被刻意設計帶著文章出現過的資訊之錯誤答案項混淆。看到有出現過的概念，自己腦補條件，覺得作者就是再講這個...。

接下來，就是挑戰題目了。如果自己心中已經有主旨題的想法了，那本題五個選項看完應該馬上就有答案了。

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) compare the development of two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birds
文中未見: 沒看到比較，也沒看到假說

B) suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birds
文中未見: 沒看到建議，也沒看到什麼修正

C) evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birds
文中未見: 要評估，就要說該對象怎樣好...怎樣不好... (都沒出現)

D) challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs
反向: 作者是反對some科學家，some是反對該理論，所以作者應該要跟該理論同方向

E) respond to criticisms of the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs
(V) 作者針對某理論(鳥類演化源自某恐龍)的批評提出反駁(反應)

如果跟著 Ron 神的方法作，當心中已經有預選的答案之後，就不容易被其他混淆選項干擾了。

Take away: (針對此篇文章)

1. 作者反對他人時，一定有明確理由或證據。不會說「不管啦...他就是錯的啦。」

2. 要注意讓步點，不要誤解作者立場。作者不會對自己的立場飄移，讓步點只是等一下要打對方的臉打得更用力的鋪陳點。Ex: 好啦，就算他考量的是真的，那種事也只有 (only) 在某某條件下才會發生。(隱含: 現在根本不是那個條件或這件事根本不會發生，這裡就是會考推論題的定位點)

後記: 

實戰時當然不可能把文章塗黑，但練習一陣子之後，就可以抓到訣竅，主要看轉折、立場等關鍵資訊，抓出文章架構及作者立場後，自然就會對主旨題有心得。

但要提醒，RC 當然不可能只考主旨題，就算練到主旨題 100% 全對，一篇 RC 也只有 1 題主旨題的機會，有時候還根本不會出現主旨題，絕對不可能只靠這招打天下。所以，實戰當然要配合其他的閱讀技巧，先快速讀過整篇文章，知道定位點，配合抓到架構、主旨，等看到題目後，再配合定位點回頭細讀一遍。

我覺得 Ron 神的大絕招，是適合已經有一定程度的同學，但如果遇到主旨題時還是無法有高答對率的人。建議大家還是要靠檢討、找到自己的弱點定位，再針對弱點去做補強，而補強則不需要限定用什麼方法，只要能幫助自己排除弱點的方法，就是好的方法。